Dr .Nanyingi Mark Opiyo

Towards a Climate Change database for livestock adaptation and mitigation in Kenya

2011-06-03T11:22:00.000-07:00

The Kenyan rural communities face a myriad of challenges including poverty, food security, scarcity of water, and challenges emerging due to global warming and climate change. Notable direct effects include higher temperatures and drastic changes in rainfall patterns, consequently aberrant transmission models, and increased spread of existing vector-borne diseases, emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases. Major challenges for adaptation interventions in Kenya include insufficient local level historic and future climate change information. Given the complexity of livestock and crop-livestock systems, a mix of technological, policy and institutional innovations will inevitably be required. Here we propose approaches that can be used to develop reliable climate databases and to incorporate these data into predictive risk models. We hypothesize that techniques should be further refined to produce detailed relational databases. The proposed climate system models are to provide insights on climate variability and impacts on livestock, they are designated as problem-solving tools that allow users to process and analyse climate data in a multidisciplinary context. They should be ideal for storage, archiving, display, analysis and interpretation of the localised impacts, and the importance of identifying appropriate options that can help livestock keepers adapt to climate change. However we reckon the overarching issues of shrinking government budgets, curriculum suitability and need for collaboration to expand our knowledge of how climate change and increasing climate variability will affect livestock systems and the livelihoods of the people who depend on them.

Syndromic Early Warning Surveillance Networks in Kenya

2010-11-20T06:06:00.000-08:00

Early detection is key to controlling disease outbreaks in the developing countries. In Kenya a small scale surveillance system is being established by a local network known as Khwisero Animal Health Surveillance Network (KAHSN), In Kakamega County of Western Kenya, KAHSN draws on the disease detection capabilities of practicing veterinarians, district and regional diagnostic laboratories and the national government.

The KAHSN bolsters Khwisero’s domestic early warning surveillance capacity for detecting new and emerging diseases of animals that could affect animal health, the food supply or public health. It brings together animal disease surveillance information from many sources - veterinary practitioners, veterinary diagnostic laboratories and animal health agencies - so that baselines can be established and trends identified. By amalgamating information gathered from surveys, syndromic surveillance and rumour reports from the field, tracking the on-going animal health status of the country will be improved.

The identification of aberrant trends of disease outbreaks prompts further investigation and assessment of situations. Since early detection is key to early control of any disease outbreak, the KAHSN is an important component of Kenyas’ defense against serious threats to animal and human health.

Animal disease surveillance supports Kenyas’ ability to recognize and deal with emerging animal disease problems. Surveillance also plays an import role in providing Kenyan livestock and poultry products access to more markets. Major notifiable diseases of livestock are routinely monitored and outbreaks reported in a established but laborious, if not erratic system.
Avian influenza (H1N1) is of major focus and its invariably undetected due to inadequate surveillance personell and laboratory facilities in the marginalized and rural areas. A collaboration between the Veterinary offices and regional research laboratories would enhance the detection and reporting of this(H1N1) and other Zoonotic infections.

The Khwisero District Veterinary Office is establishing a small scale model “Khwisero Animal Health Surveillance Network (KAHSN)” ; its collaborative network of animal health surveillance and diagnostic system to improve the capacity to detect emerging animal disease threats in real time. The KAHSN focuses particularly on those animal disease threats that could have zoonotic potential and provide a rapid response to minimize the human health and economic risks to Khwisero District.

The KAHSN combines surveillance data received from many sources and simultaneously alerts both human and animal health authorities in other jurisdictions within Western Kenya when potential animal disease threats are identified.

The key outputs of the KAHSN are:
• An early warning system for animal disease threats to the food supply, food safety or public health;
• A regional laboratory network for the rapid diagnosis of serious infectious animal diseases; and
• An information-sharing network linking national and international research agencies and departments of animal and human health

Features of the KAHSN
The model is set on open source softwares that enable suite of to collect, aggregate and visualize data, Mainly Open data Kit (ODK), will be utilised to aggreagate GIS data and mobile phone devices with The Android Emulators SDK, these successfuly ran a realtime data collection and synchronization to local internet servers. The use of interactive risk maps will enable faster emergency reactions in suspected outbreaks.

KAHSN will collaborate with the Khwisero Network for Public Health Intelligence (KNPHI) to establish rapid communication and identification of emerging animal and human disease issues. This newly established network increases the surge capacity of regional laboratories to rapidly diagnose serious and infectious animal diseases. By combining their diagnostic surge capacities with those of provincial and university laboratories that have diagnostic capabilities for foreign animal disease, the response to an outbreak is being enhanced. This establishes interoperability between laboratories by using common protocols and reagents. It also allows technical and scientific staff to exchange, participate in and share expertise.

Impact of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures on Kenya in Global Trade

2010-07-18T13:42:00.000-07:00

Dr. Nanyingi M.O

In the recent years the international trade arena has witnessed the growing importance of “within the border” barriers. Standards and technical regulations are the new critical issue on the international trade agenda. Among these, sanitary and phytosanitary measures occupy a special place because of their crucial aim: safeguard of health and safety of human beings in accordance with the WHO. From the point of view of economic efficiency there are very few circumstances in which it can be accepted a departure from free trade. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures pose a fundamental challenge to this traditional “economic perspective”. This study attempts to disentangle the complexity of sanitary and phytosanitary measures that, uniquely amongst “potential trade obstacles”, in Kenya mix elements of genuine protection and elements of disguised protectionism.

There is need to exemplify the crucial elements that characterize regulations in general and SPS measures, a synthetic overview of the institutional framework set by the WTO’s SPS agreement in order to situate the issue of SPS in its concrete settings outlining the set of rules that bind their use. Understanding the difficulties posed to “economic analysis” by domestic regulations are tackled and a potential solution will be deliberated making use of a partial equilibrium economic model for evaluating the impact of SPS measures.

The main objective is demonstrate the complexity that traditional economic reasoning do have when tackling the relationships between regulations-standards and international trade. A simulation to present an econometric method to measure the effect of standards and domestic regulations on trade flows taking as example the aflatoxins standards and trade in food between Kenya and EU. This is a direct attempt to tackle the problem of empirically “quantifying” the impact of some specific domestic standards on international exchange, which is clearly a first step towards the objective of evaluating the trade-off posed by the introduction of standards. In conclusion the limits of economic “output based” rationality and the need for integrating it with legal “procedure based” rationality when evaluating SPS measures in Kenya will be discussed.

Key words: Kenya, Trade barriers, SPS.

Zoonoses - Success, challenges and possibilities

2010-05-08T12:20:00.001-07:00

Background

Khwisero District Veterinary Office continues to enhance its outreach in cross-platform and multidisciplinary efforts for improved Veterinary Public health and Clinical service delivery. it will publish a regular quarterly electronic Newsletter on a list-serve basis temporarily,(as the website is under construction) to keep a regional and global up-date with developments in veterinary practice and other news and features that might benefit to global communities in the veterinary industry.

In this publication we focus on Zoonosis by outlining the Challenges, Successes and possible improvements that can be achieved with coordinated collaborative linkages between mainstream government departments, paraprofessionals and research institutes

Progress

Disease control: Pests and Vectors can be effectively managed by establishment of community dips.Rehabilitation of community dips can enhance effective disease control.

Epidemiology: An Epidemio-surveillance system (ESS) has been established enhancing detection and reporting of notifiable diseases in partnership with paraprofessionals.

Phytosanitary department: The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures according to World Trade Organization have been implemented in order to protect human and animal health. Meat inspectorate services have improved consumption leading to a 75% revenue increment with a 27% decline in condemnation.

Collaborative Linkages: Establishment of Khwisero Animal /Public Health Surveillance Network (KAHSN) to share information across districts and provinces for coordinated human/animal health databases for zoonotic infections.

Challenges: Knowledge gap on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), legislation and regularization of private practitioners combined with imprudent drug dispensation has a significant negative impact on clinical services (67%). Workforce deprivation and Staff demotivation can lead to suboptimal discharge of duties at 30% (p<0.001). Insufficient funding (-60%) continues to be a major a contributor to poor service delivery.

Possibilities: New approaches for the efficient and cost-effective delivery of reliable and accurate information to users in rural areas are required. Staff recruitment, training and motivation will foster service delivery. Establishment of regional laboratories to provide accurate diagnosis is essential for field research. A requisite combination of epidemiological and economic tools must be underpinned by detailed knowledge of livestock disease patterns for public-policy formulations in effective Veterinary Public health systems.

The Role of Veterinary Medicine in Public Health; The Khwisero example

2010-03-26T04:57:00.000-07:00

The role of VPH within the global health agenda is to promote activities that contribute to the achievement of health for all and help realize its objectives. Veterinarians assist in planning, policy-setting, allocating resources, and providing technical guidance, orientation, and support to the operational staff.

Public health is dependent on animal health in rural area because poor animal health directly affects the human food supply. New information and new approaches for the efficient and cost-effective delivery of reliable and accurate information to VPH users in these areas are required.

VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH IN KHWISERO, KENYA; SUCCESS,CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES.

Mark Nanyingi1§, Alfred Koballa 1, Humphrey Ongili1, Christopher Okello1, Tindi Bushuru 2, Kelly Nelima3

1Ministry of Livestock and Development, District Veterinary Office, PO BOX 60 -50135, Khwisero, Kenya
2Ministry of Livestock and Development, District Veterinary Office, PO BOX 1160, Butere, Kenya
3Ministry of Livestock and Development, Provincial Veterinary Office, PO BOX 871, Kakamega, Kenya

Abstract

Background
Public health is dependent on animal health in rural areas because poor animal health directly affects the human food supply. Veterinary public health entails the diagnosis, surveillance, epidemiology, control, prevention and elimination of Zoonoses. Unsatisfactory implementation of stringent disease control, meat inspectorate and drug dispensation legislations prevents the efficient production of food of animal origin; creating obstacles to international trade in animals and animal products and hence an impediment to overall socioeconomic development.

Methods

Data were extracted from the Khwisero veterinary relational database including clinical, meat inspectorate, disease surveillance, and extension from October 2009 to March 2010. Participatory approaches were used to collect data from private service providers and stakeholders concerning the status of veterinary service delivery. A qualitative and quantitative analysis was conducted to determine the challenges, incentives, cost-effectiveness and policies that would improve veterinary public health.

Results

An Epidemio-surveillance system (ESS) has been established enhancing detection and reporting of notifiable diseases in partnership with paraprofessionals. Meat inspectorate services improved consumption leading to a 75% revenue increment with a 27% decline in condemnation. Knowledge gap on legislation and regularization of private practitioners was combined with imprudent drug dispensation and home use had a significant negative impact on clinical services (67%). Workforce deprivation and Staff demotivation leads to suboptimal discharge of duties at 30% (p<0.001). Insufficient funding (-60%) was a contributor to poor service delivery.

Conclusions

New information and approaches for the efficient and cost-effective delivery of reliable and accurate information to VPH users in rural areas are required. Staff recruitment, training and motivation will foster service delivery. Establishment of regional laboratories to provide accurate diagnosis is essential for field research. A requisite combination of epidemiological, statistical and economic tools must be underpinned by detailed knowledge of livestock disease patterns for public-policy formulations in effective Veterinary Public health systems.

Key words: Veterinary Public Health, Khwisero, Zoonoses.

© 2010 Khwisero District Veterinary Office

Spatio-temporal epidemiology of dog bite injuries at Kakamega Provincial Hospital, Kenya

2010-03-26T04:16:00.000-07:00

Spatial epidemiology is the study of spatial variation in disease risk or incidence. Several ecological processes can result in strong spatial patterns of such risk or incidence: for example, pathogen dispersal might be highly localized, vectors or reservoirs for pathogens might be spatially restricted, or susceptible hosts might be clumped.(Ostefield et al 2005).

In Kakamega District of Western Kenya We Assesed The Reporting patterns of Vertebrate bites in the Provinicial Referral General Hospital.

Spatio-temporal epidemiology of dog bite injuries at Kakamega Provincial Hospital, Kenya

Kelly A Nelima1, 6, Mark OO Nanyingi 2, 3§, Gideon M. Kikuvi4, Willis Akhwale5, Jared Omolo6
1Ministry of Livestock and Development, Provincial Veterinary Office, PO BOX 871, Kakamega, Kenya
2 Ministry of Livestock and Development, District Veterinary Office, PO BOX 60 -50135, Khwisero, Kenya,
3 Kenya Scientific Analysts, P.O. Box 531-00202, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya,
4Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Box 3249-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
5 Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, PO Box 30016- 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
6 Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, US centers for Disease Control, PO Box Nairobi, Kenya

Abstract

Background
Endemic canine rabies is a reemerging neglected zoonosis often underestimated in Kenya but remains a public health and economic burden to the rural poor. Understanding the transmission dynamics and distribution of dog bites over specified time period can assist in assessment of risk factors, design of interventions to exposure and the estimation of rabies burden.

Methods
Retrospective and cross-sectional analysis of surveillance data of reported dog bite incidents from Kakamega Provincial General Hospital from 2006 to 2009 was performed to estimate the prevalence of dog bites. Univariate and Multivariate analysis were performed to assess the risk factors and prevalence of dog bites. The temporal distribution and spatial patterns of bites was mapped and analysed to estimate population at risk to rabies.

Results
There were 148 dog bite incidents with children below 10years being more involved (33.8%).Most bites occurred on the lower extremities 124/148 (83.8. 1.0% of bites resulted in rabies and death after post exposure treatment and were located more than 45km away from the PGH. Spatial-temporal clustering of dog bites showed irregular pattern of spread with declining incidence rates from the periurban center. On visual inspection, the highest (30%, 95% CI 14-52% N = 45) densities of dog bites were in areas around the central place of the study area, bites clustered in not more than 15km radius from the hospital. The second cluster centered around Lubao dog market 7.4 %( 95% CI, 5-12%, N = 11). 12% of the bites were along roads and rivers while 5% occurred in and around forests. The retrospective analysis revealed a temporal increase in prevalence 114 % (P<0.05) with high peaks in March and August with a mean monthly bite incidence of 22.44%. 2008 had the highest mean monthly incidence of 30%.

Conclusions
Spatiotemporally dynamic approaches and epidemiological models may predict emergence or spread of diseases to new geographic regions and could be effective in spatially targeting interventions. Descriptive spatial epidemiology of bites can assist in accurate measure of rabies burden where underreporting, inequity in vaccine provision and improper policies of disease mitigation exist.

Key words: Spatial epidemiology; Dog bites, Rabies.

© 2010 Khwisero District Veterinary Office

§Corresponding author and presenter: mnanyingi@gmail.com, +254721117845.

Potential of African Medicinal Plants in Malaria Therapy

2010-01-26T10:57:00.000-08:00

Nanyingi et al 2010. Aspects of African Biodiversity, ISBN:1847559484, 9781847559487

ABSTRACT

Malaria is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world and a major public health problem, affecting 40% of the world population. It infects about half a billion people causing about 3 million deaths a year with 90 % of them being in sub-Saharan Africa.1,2 In Kenya, malaria is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, accounting for 30-50% of all outpatient attendance and 20% of all admissions to health facilities.

Kenya has revised its treatment policy by adopting artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) as the first line drugs for treatment of uncomplicated malaria. Spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Plasmodium and the adverse side effects of the existing antimalarial drugs have necessitated the search for novel, well tolerated and more efficient antimalarial drugs.3 Indigenous plants are important sources of biologically active compounds and have potential for the development of novel antimalarial drugs.

Drug-resistant strains of P. falciparum are endemic in many areas of the world and the majority of conventional antimalarial drugs have been associated with treatment failure. These developments and the difficulty of creating efficient vaccines, coupled with adverse reactions to chemotherapy, underline the urgent need for novel, cheap, safe and efficacious antimalarial drugs.8 It is estimated that 80% of people worldwide use herbal remedies, due to limited access to modern medicine because of low income and the shortage of efficient health care facilities.9 There is a dearth of evidence on the efficacy and safety of these remedies, despite the fact that validation of traditional practices could lead to innovative strategies in malaria control.

Read more http://www.rsc.org/shop/books/2009/9781847559487.asp

Screening of some kenyan medicinal plants for antibacterial activity

2009-07-10T06:20:00.000-07:00

Phytother Res. 2009 Jun 22

Wagate CG, Mbaria JM, Gakuya DW, Nanyingi MO, Kareru PG, Njuguna A, Gitahi N, Macharia JK, Njonge FK.

Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya.

Eleven medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Machakos and Kitui District were screened, namely: Ajuga remota Benth, Aloe secundiflora Engl, Amaranthus hybridus L, Cassia didymobotrya Fes, Croton macrostachyus Del, Entada leptostachya Harms, Erythrina abyssinica DC, Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv, Schkuhria pinnata O. Ktze, Terminalia kilimandscharica Engl and Ziziphus abyssinica Hochst for potential antibacterial activity against four medically important bacterial strains, namely: Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Micrococcus lutea ATCC 9341 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts was determined as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The plant extracts were more active against Gram-positive (G+) than Gram-negative (G-) bacteria. The positive controls were streptomycin and benzylpenicillin for G- and G+ bacteria, respectively, both had a significant MIC at <1 mg/mL. The most susceptible bacteria were B. cereus, followed by M. lutea, while the most resistant bacteria were Ps. aeruginosa, followed by E. coli. The present study supports the use of these plants by the herbalists in the management of bacterial ailments. H. abyssinica and T. kilimandscharica showed the best antibacterial activity; hence these plants can be further subjected to phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation

Kenya Scientific Analysts

2009-04-24T04:29:00.000-07:00

Background Information

Kenya Scientific Analysts (KSA) is a non-profit, organization committed to conducting high quality and policy-relevant scientific consultation.
KSA was established in 2006 with its headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya and satellite offices in Mombasa and Busia, Kenya.

Evolution
KSA was formerly known as Kenya Data Analysts (KDA) before expansion of its activities. KSA is registered with the Registrar of Companies in Kenya, giving it distinct legal status in the country.

Objectives
KSA has a wider aim to reach establish collaboration with reputable research institutes, individual researchers, doctoral students and other post graduates in undertaking relevant scientific research.
It has specific objectives:
 Contribute to Science through high impact research projects and publications.
 Provision of evidence based research finding to policy makers.

Research Focus
KSA research focuses on improving understanding of Epidemiology and Public Health of tropical and infectious diseases through development and implementation of innovative, policy-oriented research programs to address the health challenges. KSA particularly focuses on areas where there are considerable knowledge gaps.
Our methods include primary research projects where we collect new data; secondary analysis of existing data; synthesis of evidence; scenario building; and monitoring and evaluation of interventions. We also seek to develop and use new methodologies, partnering with other institutions as needed.

Collaborators

 Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
 International Livestock Research Institute
 University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology
 University of Nairobi, Department of Chemistry
 Great Lakes University, Kisumu.
 African Medical Research Institute.
 Maseno University.
 Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology
 Victoria Institute of Science and Technology

A Survey of Bovine Cysticercosis / Human Taeniosis in Northern Turkana District, Kenya

2009-03-30T05:02:00.000-07:00

PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE MARCH 2009
Lucas L Asaava, BVM; Philip M kitala, BVM., MSc., PhD; Peter B Gathura,
BVM.,MSc.,PhD; Mark O Nanyingi, BVM.,MSc; Gerald M Muchemi, BVM.,MSc.,PhD; Esther
Schelling , DVM, PhD

ABSTRACT
Bovine cysticercosis is a zoonosis that is mainly of socioeconomic and public health importance. A survey of this disease was carried out in northern Turkana District, Kenya to estimate the prevalence through both serology and meat inspection, to determine the prevalence of the adult tapeworm in the human definitive host, and to determine risk factors for cattle seropositivity. This information is of public health importance and will be of use in assessing economic losses due to down grading, refridgeration or condemnation of infested carcasses.The study area was stratified into the three livestock grazing regions of Oropoi to the south,
Lokichoggio-Mogilla centrally and Kibish in the north for the purposes of the serological and questionnaire (n=53 herd owners) data. Five adakaars (grazing units) were selected and 34, 63, 49, 75, and 571 cattle serum samples obtained from these. The slaughter slabs of Lokichoggio and Kakuma were visited and 188 serum samples were obtained from slaughter cattle and compared to results of meat inspection. Human stool samples were collected in each of the three grazing areas
and 66, 97,and 78 samples were obtained. The seroprevalence of cysticercosis in cattle was estimated at 16.7% (95%CI 13%-20.9%) using a secretory-excretory antigen detection ELISA. There was poor agreement between meat inspection and serology (k = 0.025; P=0.2797). The prevalence of taeniosis was estimated as 2.5% (95%CI
0.8%-5.6%) by microscopy. A backwards elimination logistic regression analysis indicated that the grazing unit (Adakaar), the deworming history of household members and the distance (>2km) of grazing fields from the homestead were significant explanatory variables for cattle being found to be positive on serology.
An intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.07 (0.02 - 0.12); p<0.0001 was calculated for bovine cysticercosis in this area.

Keywords: Cattle-Cestoda; Taenia saginata; ELISA; Epidemiology-cestoda; Kenya-Turkana

Victoria institute of Science and Technology

2009-02-19T03:59:00.000-08:00

Many antipoverty crusaders believe that closing the Digital Divide is not a top priority, arguing instead that the poor need clean water,good roads, electricity and jobs before they need computers. However, what they do not realize is that access to digital technology greatly enhances the effectiveness and affordability of efforts to improve the water supply, improve rural health and education, generate jobs and address any of the other interrelated problems of poverty. Closing the digital divide is not a silver bullet for reducing poverty. But there is a much lower likelihood of large scale and sustainable poverty reduction without doing so.
The emerging market countries of Asia are now major drivers of the digital economy and, in that vast region, the spread of wireless networks is stimulating all other dimensions of economic growth. In fact, the biggest technological growth is occurring outside big cities in these countries. As broadband networks spread into the countryside in Kenya, costs throughout the supply chain will drop. By adjusting their policies to close the digital divide, the major IT and telecom companies are achieving innovations that could spur growth in the advanced countries as well.
one prototype initiative is by a kenyan Harvard professor. Calestous Juma from the shores of Lake victoria in Budalangi. Calestous Juma is Professor of the Practice of International Development and the Director of the Science, Technology and Globalization Project at the Harvard Kennedy School He volunteers as a member of the International Advisory Council of World Computer Exchange (WCE).Professor Juma is now contacting his friends and colleagues to explore if they might be willing to join him in financially Sponsoring part of the $30,000 for content materials, sourcing the computers and other items as well as the logistical and shipping costs.
Victoria Institute of Science and Technology (VIST)will be key in bridging the digital divide and improve livelihoods of the rural communities of Bunyala Distirct in Kenya.

Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Kenyan medicinal plants

2009-01-22T09:29:00.000-08:00

Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Kenyan medicinal plants

Wagate G Cyrus, Gakuya W Daniel, Mark O Nanyingi, Francis K Njonge, James M Mbaria

Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology 1Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University
of Nairobi, PO Box 29053, 00625 Nairobi, Kenya 2Department of Chemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology,
Nairobi, Kenya

Abstract
Seven medicinal plant extracts traditionally used in Kenya, mainly for management of infectious conditions, were chosen and screened for their antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Antibacterial activity was tested using the broth dilution method. Harrisonia abyssinica and Terminalia kilimandscharica extracts showed significant activity against Gram+ and Gram- bacteria. The methanolic extracts of T. kilimandscharica bark and H. abyssinica bark and leaves showed minimum inhibitory activity against all tested bacteria, with minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging from 25-150 mg/mL. Ajuga remota and Amaranthus hybridus, which are lethal to brine shrimp nauplii,
showed significantly lower antibacterial activity than those that were relatively non-toxic.

Key words: antibacterial - cytotoxicity - medicinal plants

link www.scielo.br/pdf/mioc/v103n7/04.pdf

6th Biennial Scientific Conference and Exhibition

2009-01-19T01:52:00.001-08:00

Acaricidal activity of Psiadia punctulata (Compositae) against Boophilus decolaratus and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari: ixodidae)

Mark O. Nanyingi1,*, James M. Mbaria1, Cyrus G. Wagate1, Stephen Mwaura2 ,Adamson L. Lanyasunya3 , Kipsengeret B. Koros1,5 , Jacob O. Midiwo4 , William O. Ogara1

1Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya
2International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
3Samburu Integrated Resource Aids Network P.O Box 26, Maralal, Kenya
4Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, Kenya
5 Center for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya

Abstract

Psiadia punctulata (Compositae) is an endemic plant species used for medicinal purposes in Samburu District. Previous studies revealed the presence of flavonoids, diterpenes and phenylpropenoids compounds that possess insecticidal properties. This study reports the larvicidal activity of crude methanol extract (CME) of the aerial parts of this plant on cattle ticks Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Boophilus decoloratus. A stock solution of 5000 ppm was prepared by dissolving the ME in two parts trichloroethylene (TCE) and one part olive oil. The respective tick larvae were separately exposed to filter papers impregnated with different concentrations of the CME in triplicates. Thirty larvae of both species ranging 14-21 days old were fasted and enclosed in the envelopes. In vitro Larval packet Test (LPT) was conducted at 27-28°C and 90-95% RH for 24 h at 12:12 hour photoperiod. Larval mortality was observed after 48 hours. Triplicates for each concentration of the ME against individual larvae were evaluated to determine the lethal concentrations. The CME was larvicidal at LC50 (3.918mg/ml) and LC99 (8.771mg/ml) on R. appendiculatus and LC50 (1.857mg/ml) and LC99 (8.347mg/ml) B. decoloratus, respectively. The potential tick control use of this extracts is discussed. The plant extract possess potential novel acaricidal compounds.

Keywords: Psiadia punctulata; acaricidal; Tick control; Rhipicephalus appendiculatus; Boophilus decoloratus

Biodiversity Conference

2008-09-09T07:12:00.000-07:00

Drug discovery and biodiversity conservation in Samburu, Kenya

Mark O. Nanyingi1* , James M. Mbaria 1, Adamson L.Lanyasunya 2, Cyrus G. Wagate1, Kipsengeret B. Koros. 1, 4, William O. Ogara 1, Jacob O.Midiwo3

1Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P.O BOX 29053-00625 Nairobi, Kenya
2Samburu Integrated Resource Aid Network (SIRAN) P.O BOX 26 Maralal, Kenya
3Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O BOX 30197 Nairobi, Kenya
4 Center for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya

High-throughput screening (HTS) of large compound and combinatorial libraries offers the best chances for discovery of novel lead compounds. Considerable research on pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical therapeutics has been carried out on Samburu medicinal plants as potential sources of new pharmaceuticals. We attempt to outline developments in Traditional Medicine (TM) and legislation concerning conservation and biodiversity in Samburu district. Based on field trips, interviews, site visits and literature we explored the history, current status, re-establishment and development of TM and intellectual property rights (IPR). A collaborative research as part of the economic justification for biodiversity conservation was conducted to develop a model program for drug discovery in Kenya and progress on this project is reported, including a database of 72 plants with antimalarial, ectoparasiticidal, larvicidal and antihelmintic properties. Plants were collected and screened for bioactivity at our laboratories and those with antibacterial, antiplasmodial and larvicidal potency were studied. We are conducting invitro and invivo cytotoxicity studies and isolation of active compounds in collaboration with other laboratories. The conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in bioprospecting and biotechnology as it relates to rights of indigenous knowledge holders is discussed. Any royalties from the resulting drugs will be shared with these communities as an economic incentive to maintain their habitat. We must foster the development of multidisciplinary, international, collaborative research programs which will support local and global scientists in futuristic pharmaceutical developments from natural resources.
Keywords: Drug discovery; Biodiversity; Intellectual property rights; Kenya

5TH African Association of Physiologists Conference, August 2008

2008-09-09T06:16:00.000-07:00

Pharmacoepidemiology and bioprospecting of herbal medicines in three Districts in Kenya.

Nanyingi O Mark1*, Wagate G Cyrus1, Gakuya W Daniel2, Kipsengeret B. Koros1, 3, James M Mbaria1

1Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi P.O Box 29053-00625 Nairobi Kenya
2 Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi P.O Box 29053-00625 Nairobi Kenya
3 Center for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P.O. Box 54840, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya

A comparative ethnomedicinal study was conducted to document the indigenous medicinal plant knowledge, use and extinction threats in Samburu, Machakos and Kitui Districts of Kenya from December 2006 to May 2007. Data were collected from 300 randomly selected respondents using semi-structured interviews and observations in order to examine the present use of medicinal plants and their reputed therapeutic effects. Sixty-four ethnomedicinal plant species used by traditional healers to manage sixty two different veterinary and medical conditions were identified and documented. Healers' and respondents indigenous knowledge was positively correlated with their reported age but not with their educational level. High degree of consensus was observed among traditional healers in harvesting, preparation and administration of the herbal remedies. Those most frequently reported had therapeutic value for treating gastrointestinal and respiratory syndromes as analgesic/anti-inflammatory and antitusive agents. The frequently managed conditions included malaria and tick-borne diseases. The use of more than one species was significantly cited for remedy preparations. The reported abundance of the ethnomedicinal plant species varied significantly with respect to the presence of multiple uses of the reported species. Our results showed that the local population had high ethnobotanical knowledge and that the ethnomedicinal plant species are under serious threat prompting the need for urgent attention towards their conservation and sustainable utilization. Ethnobotany and pharmacoepidemiology adds value to herbal medicines and it is fundamental in pharmacognosy, bioprospecting and high throughput screening (HTS) of novel drug molecules.

World Congress on Magic Bullets, Nuremberg Germany, October 3-5, 2008

2008-07-02T00:03:00.000-07:00

Dr. Nanyingi Mark a promising young scientist from Kenya continues with his exemplary indefatigable zeal to make impact on the global arena. He will be among scientists from 84 countries attending the this very special and prestigious conference that is organized by the Germany society pharmaceutical sciences in Nuremberg, Germany October 3-5, 2008. on the occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the Nobel Prize awarded to Paul Ehrlich. This conference aims at reviewing our knowledge on compounds that deserve or failed to receive the designation "MAGIC BULLET" and at discussing the reasons. having made significant contributions to drug research he will be privileged to showcase his data to many top scientists and have opportunity to take part in their superb workshops, listen to their plenary talks and also talk to them in "Meet the Professor - Sessions".
A snippet of Nanyingi's presentations include

1. In-vitro and In-vivo antiplasmodial efficacy of some Kenyan medicinal plants
2. Ethnopharmacological survey of Samburu district, Kenya (www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2412850).
3. Bioprospecting of novel herbal antimalarials in Kenya

correspondence: Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi P.O Box 29053-00625 Nairobi Kenya

climate change and vector borne diseases in the tropics

2008-06-06T06:28:00.000-07:00

A vector-borne disease is one in which the pathogenic microorganism is transmitted from an infected individual to another individual by an arthropod or other agent, sometimes with other animals serving as intermediary hosts. The transmission depends upon the attributes and requirements of at least three different living organisms: the pathologic agent, either a virus, protozoa, bacteria, or helminth (worm); the vector, which are commonly arthropods such as ticks or mosquitoes(image) ; and the human host. In addition, intermediary hosts such as domesticated and/or wild animals often serve as a reservoir for the pathogen until susceptible human populations are exposed.

An increased incidence of vector-borne diseases is to be expected as a result of climate change. The projected changes in climate and climate variability will have a profound impact on the ecology of vector populations. In order to estimate the extent to which such events might occur, the effects of climate change on the distribution and epidemiology of malaria and dengue are to be scientifically evaluated. There is a clear indication of the change in risk of malaria and dengue in the coming 80 years. '. All climate scenarios an increase of malaria and dengue transmission potential as climate changes. Also a change of the seasonality of these diseases is to be expected. The field study in western Kenya underlines the potential changes that may occur under predicted climate change scenario's. Increased temperatures lead to shorter mosquito development times and more mosquito generations per year. Should this be accompanied by more events of intense rainfall, malaria in the Kano plains will increase, and the people of the Kericho hills will experience more episodes of malaria epidemics than at present. Such events can, as we have seen, alarming effects on the malaria incidence in mostly African children.

Nearly half of the world's population is infected by vector-borne diseases, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. The distribution of the incidence of vector-borne diseases is grossly disproportionate, with the overwhelming impact in developing countries located in tropical and subtropical areas.

Weather affects vector population dynamics and disease transmission, with temperature and humidity considered key variables. Only recently have researchers attempted to predict how climate change might affect the distribution of vector-borne diseases. A comprehensive model should consider both the direct impacts (such as changes in temperature or rainfall) and indirect impacts (such as changes in hydrology or agriculture) of global warming on the agent, vector, intermediary host, and the human host. The response of each element of the disease process to climate change may have ramifications for the others.

THE MOSQUITO thrives well in the tropics causing Malaria and other life threatening conditions.
So let us work towards a better world with minimal environmental degradation because this can lead to extinction of life and the universe in totality.

LES MALADIES SOUTENUES PAR VECTEUR DUES AU CHANGEMENT DE CLIMAT
Automatically translated into French thanks to WorldLingo
Une maladie vecteur-soutenue est une dans laquelle le micro-organisme pathogène est transmis d'un individu infecté à un autre individu par un arthropode ou tout autre agent, parfois avec d'autres animaux servant de centres serveurs intermédiaires. La transmission dépend des attributs et des conditions au moins de trois matières organiques différentes : l'agent pathologique, un virus, protozoaires, bactéries, ou helminthe (ver) ; le vecteur, qui sont généralement des arthropodes tels que des coutils ou des moustiques (image) ; et le centre serveur humain. En outre, les hôtes intermédiaires tels que les animaux domestiqués et/ou sauvages servent souvent de réservoir au microbe pathogène jusqu'à ce que des populations humaines susceptibles soient exposées.

Une plus grande incidence des maladies vecteur-soutenues doit être prévue en raison du changement de climat. Les changements projetés du climat et de la variabilité de climat auront un impact profond sur l'écologie des populations de vecteur. Afin d'estimer le point auquel de tels événements pourraient se produire, les effets du changement de climat sur la distribution et l'épidémiologie de la malaria et de la dengue doivent être scientifiquement évalués. Il y a une indication claire du changement du risque de malaria et de dengue en prochaines 80 années. '. Tous les scénarios de climat une augmentation de potentiel de transmission de malaria et de dengue comme climat change. En outre un changement du caractère saisonnier de ces maladies doit être prévu. L'étude sur le terrain au Kenya occidental souligne les changements potentiels qui peuvent se produire sous le scénario prévu de changement de climat. Les températures accrues mènent à des temps d'élaboration plus courts de moustique et à plus de générations de moustique par an. Si ceci est accompagné de plus d'événements des précipitations intenses, la malaria dans les plaines de Kano augmentera, et les personnes des collines de Kericho éprouveront plus d'épisodes des épidémies de malaria qu'actuellement. De tels événements mettent en boîte, comme nous avons vu, des effets alarmants sur l'incidence de malaria dans la plupart du temps les enfants africains.

Presque la moitié de la population du monde est infectée par les maladies vecteur-soutenues, ayant pour résultat la morbidité et la mortalité élevées. La distribution de l'incidence des maladies vecteur-soutenues est excessivement disproportionnée, avec l'impact accablant dans les pays en voie de développement situés dans des secteurs tropicaux et subtropicaux.

Le temps affecte la dynamique de population de vecteur et la transmission de la maladie, avec la température et des variables principales considérées par humidité. Ayez tout récemment les chercheurs essayés pour prévoir comment le changement de climat pourrait affecter la distribution des maladies vecteur-soutenues. Un modèle complet devrait considérer les les deux les impacts directs (tels que des changements de la température ou des précipitations) et des impacts indirects (tels que des changements de l'hydrologie ou de l'agriculture) du chauffage global sur l'agent, le vecteur, le centre serveur intermédiaire, et le centre serveur humain. La réponse de chaque élément du processus de la maladie au changement de climat peut avoir des ramifications pour les autres.

LE MOUSTIQUE prospère bien dans les tropiques causant la malaria et d'autres conditions représentant un danger pour la vie.
Ainsi travaillons vers un meilleur monde avec la dégradation environnementale minimale parce que ceci peut mener à l'extinction de la vie et à l'univers dans la totalité.

ENFERMEDADES LLEVADAS VECTOR DEBIDO AL CAMBIO DEL CLIMA
Automatically translated into Spanish thanks to WorldLingo
Una enfermedad vector-llevada es una en el cual el microorganismo patógeno es transmitido de un individuo infectado a otro individuo por el artrópodo o el otro agente, a veces con otros animales que sirven como anfitriones intermediarios. La transmisión depende de las cualidades y de los requisitos por lo menos de tres diversos organismos vivos: el agente patológico, un virus, protozoos, bacterias, o helminto (gusano); el vector, que son comúnmente artrópodos tales como señales o mosquitos (imagen); y el anfitrión humano. Además, los anfitriones intermediarios tales como animales domesticados y/o salvajes sirven a menudo como depósito para el patógeno hasta que exponen a las poblaciones humanas susceptibles.

Una incidencia creciente de enfermedades vector-llevadas debe esperar como resultado de cambio del clima. Los cambios proyectados en clima y variabilidad del clima tendrán un impacto profundo en la ecología de las poblaciones del vector. Para estimar el grado a el cual tales acontecimientos pudieron ocurrir, los efectos del cambio del clima en la distribución y la epidemiología de la malaria y del dengue deben ser evaluados científico. Hay una indicación clara del cambio en el riesgo de la malaria y del dengue en los 80 años que vienen. '. Todos los panoramas del clima un aumento del potencial de la transmisión de la malaria y del dengue como clima cambian. También un cambio del seasonality de estas enfermedades debe esperar. El estudio en el campo en Kenia occidental subraya los cambios potenciales que pueden ocurrir bajo panorama predicho del cambio del clima. Las temperaturas crecientes conducen a tiempos de desarrollo más cortos del mosquito y a más generaciones del mosquito por año. Si esto es acompañada por más acontecimientos de la precipitación intensa, la malaria en los llanos de Kano aumentará, y la gente de las colinas de Kericho experimentará más episodios de las epidemias de la malaria que actualmente. Tales acontecimientos pueden, como hemos visto, los efectos alarmantes sobre la incidencia de la malaria en sobre todo niños africanos.

La mitad de la población del mundo es infectada casi por enfermedades vector-llevadas, dando por resultado altas morbosidad y mortalidad. La distribución de la incidencia de enfermedades vector-llevadas es grueso desproporcionada, con el impacto abrumador en los países en vías de desarrollo situados en áreas tropicales y subtropicales.

El tiempo afecta dinámica de la población del vector y la transmisión de la enfermedad, con temperatura y variables dominantes consideradas humedad. Solamente recientemente tenga investigadores procurados para predecir cómo el cambio del clima pudo afectar la distribución de enfermedades vector-llevadas. Un modelo comprensivo debe considerar ambos los impactos directos (tales como cambios en temperatura o la precipitación) e impactos indirectos (tales como cambios en hidrología o agricultura) de calentarse global en el agente, el vector, el anfitrión intermediario, y el anfitrión humano. La respuesta de cada elemento del proceso de la enfermedad al cambio del clima puede tener ramificaciones para las otras.

EL MOSQUITO prospera bien en las zonas tropicales que causan malaria y otras condiciones peligrosas para la vida.
Tan trabajemos hacia un mundo mejor con la degradación ambiental mínima porque esto puede conducir a la extinción de la vida y al universo en totalidad.

MALATTIE SOPPORTATE VETTORE DOVUTO IL CAMBIAMENTO DI CLIMA
Automatically translated into Italian thanks to WorldLingo
Una malattia vettore-sopportata è a volte una in cui il microorganismo patogeno è trasmesso da un individuo infettato ad un altro individuo da un artropodo o dall'altro agente, con altri animali che servono da ospiti intermedi. La trasmissione dipende dagli attributi e dai requisiti almeno di tre organismi viventi differenti: l'agente patologico, un virus, protozoi, batteri, o elminto (vite senza fine); il vettore, che sono comunemente artropodi quali i battiti o le zanzare (immagine); e l'ospite umano. In più, gli ospiti intermedi quali gli animali domestici e/o selvaggi servono spesso da serbatoio per l'agente patogeno fino ad esporre le popolazioni umane suscettibili.

Un'incidenza aumentata delle malattie vettore-sopportate deve essere prevista come conseguenza del cambiamento di clima. I cambiamenti proiettati nel clima e nella variabilità di clima avranno un effetto profondo sull'ecologia delle popolazioni di vettore. Per valutare il limite a cui tali eventi potrebbero accadere, gli effetti del cambiamento di clima sulla distribuzione e l'epidemiologia di malaria e di febbre rompiossa devono essere valutati scientificamente. Ci è un'indicazione libera del cambiamento nel rischio di malaria e di febbre rompiossa durante i 80 anni venenti. '. Tutti i piani d'azione di clima un aumento di potenziale della trasmissione di febbre rompiossa e di malaria come clima cambia. Inoltre un cambiamento del carattere stagionale di queste malattie deve essere previsto. Lo studio diretto nel Kenia occidentale sottolinea i cambiamenti potenziali che possono accadere sotto il piano d'azione previsto del cambiamento di clima. Le temperature aumentate conducono ai tempi di sviluppo più corti della zanzara ed a più generazioni della zanzara all'anno. Se questo è accompagnato da più eventi di pioggia intensa, la malaria nelle pianure di Kano aumenterà e la gente delle colline di Kericho avvertirà più episodi delle epidemie di malaria che attualmente. Tali eventi inscatolano, come abbiamo visto, effetti alarming sull'incidenza di malaria principalmente in bambini africani.

Quasi la metà della popolazione del mondo è infettata dalle malattie vettore-sopportate, con conseguente alte morbosità e mortalità. La distribuzione dell'incidenza delle malattie vettore-sopportate è grossolanamente sproporzionata, con l'effetto opprimente in p#si in via di sviluppo situati nelle zone tropicali e subtropicali.

Il tempo interessa il dynamics della popolazione di vettore e la trasmissione di malattia, con la temperatura e le variabili chiave considerate umidità. Soltanto recentemente tenti i ricercatori per predire come il cambiamento di clima potrebbe interessare la distribuzione delle malattie vettore-sopportate. Un modello completo dovrebbe considerare gli entrambi effetti diretti (quali i cambiamenti nella temperatura o nella pioggia) e gli effetti indiretti (quali i cambiamenti nell'idrologia o nell'agricoltura) di riscaldamento globale sull'agente, sul vettore, sull'ospite intermedio e sull'ospite umano. La risposta di ogni elemento del processo di malattia al cambiamento di clima può avere ramificazioni per le altre.

LA ZANZARA prospera bene nei tropici che causano la malaria e l'altra vita - circostanze minacciose.
Così funzioniamo verso un mondo migliore con degradazione ambientale minima perché questo può condurre ad estinzione di vita ed all'universo nella totalità.

VEKTOR GETRAGENE KRANKHEITEN WEGEN DER KLIMA-ÄNDERUNG
Automatically translated into German thanks to WorldLingo
Eine Vektor-getragene Krankheit ist eine, in der der pathogene Mikroorganismus von einer angesteckten Einzelperson einer anderen Einzelperson durch einen Gliederfüßer oder anderes Mittel übertragen wird, manchmal mit anderen Tieren, die als intermediäre Wirte dienen. Das Getriebe hängt nach den Attributen und den Anforderungen von mindestens drei unterschiedlichen lebenden organismen ab: das pathologische Mittel, entweder ein Virus, Protozoen, Bakterium oder Wurm (Endlosschraube); der Vektor, die allgemein Gliederfüßer wie Häckchen oder Moskitos (Bild) sind; und der menschliche Wirt. Zusätzlich dienen intermediäre Wirte wie domestizierte und/oder wilde Tiere häufig als Vorratsbehälter für den Krankheitserreger, bis empfindlilche menschliche Bevölkerungen herausgestellt sind.

Eine erhöhte Ausdehnung der Vektor-getragenen Krankheiten soll resultierend aus Klimaänderung erwartet werden. Die projizierten änderungen im Klima und in der Klimaveränderlichkeit haben eine profunde Auswirkung auf die ökologie der vektorbevölkerungen. Zwecks den Umfang schätzen, in dem solche Fälle auftreten konnten, sollen die Effekte der Klimaänderung auf der Verteilung und die Epidemiologie von Malaria und von Dandyfieber wissenschaftlich ausgewertet werden. Es gibt ein sicheres Zeichen über die änderung in der Gefahr von Malaria und von Dandyfieber in den kommenden 80 Jahren. '. Alle Klimadrehbücher eine Zunahme des Malaria- und Dandyfiebergetriebepotentials als Klima ändert. Auch eine änderung der Jahreszeitlichkeit dieser Krankheiten soll erwartet werden. Die auffangenestudie in Westkenia unterstreicht die möglichen änderungen, die unter vorausgesagtem Klimaänderung Drehbuch eintreten können. Erhöhte Temperaturen führen zu kürzere Moskitoentwicklung Zeiten und mehr Moskitoerzeugungen pro Jahr. Wenn dieses von mehr Fällen des intensiven Niederschlags begleitet wird, erhöht sich Malaria in den Kano Ebenen, und die Leute der Kericho Hügel erfahren mehr Episoden der Malariaepidemien als zur Zeit. Solche Fälle machen, wie wir gesehen haben, alarmierende Effekte auf die Malariaausdehnung meistens in den afrikanischen Kindern ein.

Fast wird Hälfte der Bevölkerung der Welt durch Vektor-getragene Krankheiten, mit dem Ergebnis der hohen Morbidität und der Sterblichkeit angesteckt. Die Verteilung der Ausdehnung der Vektor-getragenen Krankheiten ist, mit der überwältigenden Auswirkung in den Entwicklungsländern grob unproportioniert, die in den tropischen und subtropischen Bereichen gelegen sind.

Wetter beeinflußt vektorbevölkerung Dynamik und Krankheitgetriebe, mit Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit betrachteten Schlüsselvariablen. Erst haben Sie vor kurzem Forscher versucht, um vorauszusagen, wie Klimaänderung die Verteilung der Vektor-getragenen Krankheiten beeinflussen konnte. Ein komplettes Modell sollte beide direkten Auswirkungen (wie änderungen in der Temperatur oder im Niederschlag) und indirekte Auswirkungen (wie änderungen in der Hydrologie oder in der Landwirtschaft) des globalen Wärmens auf das Mittel, den Vektor, den intermediären Wirt und den menschlichen Wirt betrachten. Die Antwort jedes Elements des Krankheitprozesses zur Klimaänderung kann Verzweigungen für die anderen haben.

DER MOSKITO kommt gut in den Tropen vorwärts, die Malaria und andere lebensbedrohende Bedingungen verursachen.
Lassen Sie uns so in Richtung zu einer besseren Welt mit minimaler Klimaverminderung arbeiten, weil dieses zu Löschung des Lebens und das Universum in der Gesamtheit führen kann.

DOENÇAS CARREGADAS VETOR DEVIDO À MUDANÇA DO CLIMA
Automatically translated into Portuguese thanks to WorldLingo
Uma doença vetor-carregada é uma em que o microorganism pathogenic é transmitido de um indivíduo infected a um outro indivíduo por um artrópode ou pelo outro agente, às vezes com outros animais que servem como anfitriões intermediary. A transmissão depende em cima dos atributos e das exigências pelo menos de três organismos vivos diferentes: o agente pathologic, um vírus, protozoa, bactérias, ou helminth (sem-fim); o vetor, que são geralmente artrópodes tais como tiquetaques ou mosquitos (imagem); e o anfitrião humano. Além, os anfitriões intermediary tais como animais domesticated e/ou selvagens servem frequentemente como um reservatório para o pathogen até que as populações humanas suscetíveis estejam expostas.

Uma incidência aumentada de doenças vetor-carregadas deve esperar-se em conseqüência da mudança do clima. As mudanças projetadas no clima e no variability do clima terão um impacto profundo no ecology de populações do vetor. A fim estimar a extensão a que tais eventos puderam ocorrer, os efeitos da mudança do clima na distribuição e o epidemiology da malária e do dengue devem ser avaliada scientifically. Há uma indicação desobstruída da mudança no risco da malária e do dengue nos 80 anos de vinda. '. Todos os scenarios do clima um aumento do potencial da transmissão da malária e do dengue como o clima mudam. Também uma mudança do seasonality destas doenças deve esperar-se. O estudo de campo em Kenya ocidental sublinha as mudanças potenciais que podem ocorrer sob o scenario predito da mudança do clima. As temperaturas aumentadas conduzem a uns tempos de desenvolvimento mais curtos do mosquito e a umas mais gerações do mosquito por o ano. Se isto for acompanhado por mais eventos do rainfall intenso, a malária nas planícies de Kano aumentará, e os povos dos montes de Kericho experimentarão mais episodes de epidemias da malária do que no presente. Tais eventos enlatam, como nós vimos, efeitos alarming na incidência da malária na maior parte em crianças africanas.

Quase a metade da população do mundo infected por doenças vetor-carregadas, tendo por resultado o morbidity e o mortality elevados. A distribuição da incidência de doenças vetor-carregadas é bruta desproporcional, com o impacto oprimindo nos países tornando-se situados em áreas tropicais e subtropical.

O tempo afeta a dinâmica da população do vetor e a transmissão da doença, com temperatura e variáveis chaves consideradas umidade. Somente tenha recentemente investigadores tentados predizer como a mudança do clima pôde afetar a distribuição de doenças vetor-carregadas. Um modelo detalhado deve considerar ambos os impactos diretos (tais como mudanças na temperatura ou no rainfall) e impactos indiretos (tais como mudanças no hydrology ou na agricultura) de aquecer-se global no agente, no vetor, no anfitrião intermediary, e no anfitrião humano. A resposta de cada elemento do processo da doença à mudança do clima pode ter ramifications para os outros.

O MOSQUITO prospera bem nos tropics que causam a malária e a outra vida - circunstâncias ameaçando.
Deixe-nos assim trabalhar para um mundo melhor com degradação ambiental mínima porque isto pode conduzir à extinção da vida e ao universo no totality.

VEKTOR UTHÄRDAD KLIMATFÖRÄNDRING FÖR SJUKDOMAR TACK VARE
Automatically translated into Swedish thanks to WorldLingo
Enuthärdad sjukdom är en, som den pathogenic microorganismen överförs i från en infekterad individ till en annan individ av en arthropod eller annat medel, ibland med annan djurportion, som mellanhanden varar värd. Överföringen beror på attributen och kraven av åtminstone tre olika bosatt organismer: det pathologic medlet, endera en virus, urdjur, bakterier eller helminth (avmaska); vektorn, som är gemensamt, arthropods liksom fästingar eller myggor (avbilda); och människan varar värd. I tillägg varar värd mellanhanden liksom tämjd och/eller wild serve för djur ofta som en behållare för pathogenen, tills känsliga människabefolkningar är utsatta.

En ökande förekomst av vektor-uthärdade sjukdomar ska förväntas som ett resultat av klimatförändring. De projekterade ändringarna i det ska klimatet och klimatvariability har ett djupsinnigt att få effekt på ekologin av vektorbefolkningar. För att verkställer bedömningen graden, som den sådan händelsestyrkan uppstår till, av klimatförändring på fördelningen, och epidemiology av malaria och dengue ska scientifically utvärderas. Det finns en klar indikering av ändringen riskerar in av malaria och dengue i de kommande 80 åren. '. Alla klimatscenarion en förhöjning av malaria- och dengueöverföringen som är potentiell som klimatförändringar. Också ska en ändring av seasonalityen av dessa sjukdomar förväntas. Sätta instudien i västra Kenya understryker de potentiella ändringarna som kan uppstå under förutsagt klimatförändringscenario. Ökande temperaturer som är bly- till kortare myggautvecklingstider, och mer myggautvecklingar per år. Bör detta medföljs av mer händelser av intensiv nederbörd, erfar malaria i Kano den slättar ska förhöjningen och folket av de ska Kericho kullarna mer episoder av malariaepidemier än i dagsläget. Sådan händelser can, som vi har sett och att alarmera verkställer på malariaförekomsten i mestadels afrikanska barn.

Nästan smittas halvan av världens befolkning av vektor-uthärdade sjukdomar och att resultera i kickmorbiditet och dödlighet. Fördelningen av förekomsten av vektor-uthärdade sjukdomar är kraftigt disproportionate, med förkrossa få effekt i ett u-land som lokaliseras i tropiska och subtropical områden.

Rida ut dynamik för affektvektorbefolkningen och sjukdomöverföringen, med temperatur och ansedda nyckel- variabler för fuktighet. Endast ha för en tid sedan forskare försökta för att förutsäga hur klimatförändringstyrkaaffekten fördelningen av vektor-uthärdade sjukdomar. Ett omfattande modellerar bör betrakta båda som rikta får effekt (liksom ändringar i temperatur eller nederbörd), och indirekt får effekt (liksom ändringar i hydrology eller jordbruk) av global warming på medlet, vektor, varar värd mellanhanden, och människan varar värd. Svaret av varje beståndsdel av den processaa sjukdomen till klimatförändring kan ha följder för andra.

MYGGAN blomstrar väl i vändkretsarna orsaka Malaria och annat liv - att hota villkorar.
Låt så oss fungera in mot en bättre värld med minsta miljö- degradering, därför att detta kan leda till utplåningen av liv och universum i totality.

ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯ ПРИНЕСЕННЫЕ ВЕКТОРОМ ИЗ-ЗА ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ КЛИМАТА
Automatically translated into Russian thanks to WorldLingo
Вектор-принесенное заболевание одним в патогенический микроорганизм передан от зараженного индивидуала к другому индивидуалу членистоногим или другим веществом, иногда при другие животные служя как посреднический хозяин. Передача зависит на атрибутах и требованиях по крайней мере 3 по-разному living организмов: патологическое вещество, или вирус, protozoa, бактерии, или гельминт (глист); вектор, который будут общ членистоногими such as тикания или москиты (изображение); и людской хозяин. In addition, посреднический хозяин such as одомашниванные and/or одичалые животные часто служит как резервуар для патогена до тех пор пока susceptible людские населенности не подвергнуть действию.

Увеличенное падение вектор-принесенных заболеваний должно быть предположенным в результате изменения климата. Запроектированные изменения в климате и изменчивости климата будут иметь глубокомысленный удар на экологичности населенностей вектора. Для того чтобы оценить размер к такие случаи могли произойти, влияния изменения климата на распределении и эпидемиология маларии и лихорадкаа должны научно быть оцененным. Будет ясная индикация изменения в риске маларии и лихорадкаа в приходя 80 летах. '. Все сценарии климата увеличение потенциала передачи маларии и лихорадкаа как климат изменяют. Также изменение сезонности этих заболеваний должно быть предположенным. Обучение в реальных условиях в западной Кении underlines потенциальные изменения могут произойти под предсказанным сценарием изменения климата. Увеличенные температуры водят к более скоро срокам разработки москита и больше поколений москита в год. ESLI это сопровожено больше случаев интенсивного rainfall, малария в равнинах Kano увеличит, и люди холмов Kericho испытают больше эпизодов эпидемий маларии чем в настоящее время. Такие случаи консервируют, по мере того как мы видели, alarming влияния на падении маларии в главным образом африканских детях.

Близко половина населения земли заражена вектор-принесенными заболеваниями, resulting in высокие заболеваемость и смертность. Распределение падения вектор-принесенных заболеваний больш несоразмерно, с overwhelming ударом в развивающаяся страна расположенных в тропических и субтропических OBLASTях.

Погода влияет на динамику населенности вектора и передачу заболеванием, с температурой и рассматриваемыми влажностью ключевыми переменными. Только недавн имейте исследователей попытано предсказать как изменение климата могло повлиять на распределение вектор-принесенных заболеваний. Всесторонняя модель должна рассматривать оба сразу удара (such as изменения в температуре или rainfall) и косвенные влияния (such as изменения в гидрологии или земледелии) глобальный греть на веществе, векторе, посредническом хозяине, и людском хозяине. Реакция каждого элемента процесса заболеванием к изменению климата может иметь степени последствий для других.

МОСКИТ thrives наилучшим образом в tropics причиняя маларию и другие жизнеопасные условия.
Так препятствуйте нам работать к более лучшему миру с минимальным относящим к окружающей среде ухудшением потому что это может вести к вымиранию жизни и вселенному в тотальности.

VECTOR GEDRAGEN ZIEKTEN TOE TE SCHRIJVEN AAN DE VERANDERING VAN HET KLIMAAT
Automatically translated into Dutch thanks to WorldLingo
Een vector-gedragen ziekte is één waarin het pathogene micro-organisme van een besmet individu aan een ander individu door een geleedpotige of andere agent wordt overgebracht, soms met andere dieren dienend als intermediaire gastheren. De transmissie hangt van de attributen en de vereisten van minstens drie verschillende het leven organismen af: de pathologische agent, of een virus, protozoa, bacteriën, of worm (worm); de vector, wat algemeen geleedpotigen zoals tikken of muggen (beeld) zijn; en de menselijke gastheer. Bovendien dienen de intermediaire gastheren zoals geacclimatiseerde en/of wilde dieren vaak als reservoir voor de ziekteverwekker tot de vatbare menselijke bevolking wordt blootgesteld.

Een verhoogde weerslag van vector-gedragen ziekten moet als resultaat van klimaatverandering worden verwacht. De ontworpen veranderingen in klimaat en klimaatveranderlijkheid zullen een diepgaande invloed op de ecologie van vectorbevolking hebben. de mate schatten waarin dergelijke gebeurtenissen zouden kunnen voorkomen, moeten de gevolgen van klimaatverandering voor de distributie en de epidemiologie van malaria en knokkelkoorts wetenschappelijk worden geëvalueerdw. Er is een duidelijke aanwijzing van de verandering in risico van malaria en knokkelkoorts in de komende 80 jaar. '. Alle klimaatscenario's een verhoging van malaria en knokkelkoortstransmissiepotentieel als klimaat verandert. Ook moet een verandering van de seizoengevoeligheid van deze ziekten worden verwacht. De gebiedsstudie in westelijk Kenia onderstreept de potentiële veranderingen die onder het voorspelde scenario van de klimaatverandering kunnen voorkomen. De verhoogde temperaturen leiden tot de kortere tijden van de mugontwikkeling en meer muggeneraties per jaar. Indien dit van meer gebeurtenissen van intense regenval vergezeld gaat, zal de malaria in de vlaktes Kano stijgen, en de mensen van de heuvels Kericho zullen meer episoden van malariaepidemieën dan momenteel ervaren. Dergelijke gebeurtenissen kunnen, aangezien wij gezien, alarmerende gevolgen voor de malariaweerslag in meestal Afrikaanse kinderen hebben.

Bijna wordt de helft van de bevolking van de wereld besmet door vector-gedragen ziekten, resulterend in hoge morbiditeit en mortaliteit. De distributie van de weerslag van vector-gedragen ziekten is in grote trekken onevenredig, met het overweldigende effect in ontwikkelingslanden die op tropische en subtropische gebieden worden gevestigd.

Het weer beïnvloedt vectorbevolkingsdynamica en ziektetransmissie, met temperatuur en vochtigheid overwogen zeer belangrijke variabelen. Hebben onlangs slechts onderzoekers probeerde om te voorspellen hoe de klimaatverandering de distributie van vector-gedragen ziekten zou kunnen beïnvloeden. Een uitvoerig model zou zowel de directe effecten (zoals veranderingen in temperatuur of regenval) en indirecte effecten (zoals veranderingen in hydrologie of landbouw) moeten overwegen van het globale verwarmen op de agent, de vector, intermediaire gastheer, en de menselijke gastheer. De reactie van elk element van het ziekteproces aan klimaatverandering kan vertakkingen voor anderen hebben.

De MUG bloeit goed in de keerkringen veroorzakend Malaria en andere levensgevaarlijke voorwaarden.
Zo ijver voor een betere wereld met minimale milieudegradatie omdat dit tot uitsterven van het leven en het heelal in totaliteit kan leiden.

متجهة يحمل أمراض واجبة إلى مناخ تغير
Automatically translated into Arabic thanks to WorldLingo
[فكتور-بورن] مرض واحدة في أيّ الكائن حيّ مجهريّ ممرّضة يكون بثثت من يعدى فردة إلى آخر فردة بحيوان مفصليّ أو أخرى عاملة, أحيانا مع أخرى حيوانات يخدم كمضيفات وسيطة. يعتمد العمليّة بثّ على الشعارات ومتطلبات من على الأقلّ ثلاثة كائن حيّ مختلفة حيّة: العاملة مرضيّة, إمّا حمى, أوّليّ, جراثيم, أو دودة طفيليّة (دودة); المتجهة, أيّ يكون عادة حيوان مفصليّ مثل تكتكة أو ناموسة (صورة); والمضيفة إنسانيّة. [إين دّيأيشن], يخدم مضيفات وسيطة مثل يدجّن [أند/ور] حيوانات وحشيّة غالبا كخزانة للممرضة إلى أن السّكان حسّاسة إنسانيّة عرضت.

يزاد حدوث من [فكتور-بورن] أمراض أن يكون توقّعت نتيجة مناخ تغير. سيتلقّى ال يسلّط تغيرات في مناخ ومناخ تغيرية تأثير صدمة عميقة على العلم بيئة من متجهة السّكان. [إين وردر تو] قدّمت المدى إلى أيّ هذا حادثات أمكن وقعت, التأثيرات من مناخ تغير على التوزيع وعلم وباء من ملاريا وحمّى ضنك أن يكون علميّا قيّمت. هناك [كلر ينديكأيشن] من التغير في خطر من ملاريا وحمّى ضنك في ال يأتي 80 سنون. '. كلّ مناخ يغيّر سيناريوهات زيادة من ملاريا وحمّى ضنك عمليّة بثّ إحتمال كمناخ. أيضا تغير من ال [سسنليتي] من هذا أمراض أن يكون توقّعت. المجال يسطّر دراسة في كينيا غربيّة التغيرات ممكنة أنّ يمكن وقعت تحت يتنبّأ مناخ تغير سيناريو. يقود يزاد درجة حرارة إلى قصيرة ناموسة [دفلوبمنت تيم] وكثير ناموسة أجيال لكلّ سنة. سوفت هذا كنت رافقت ب كثير حادثات من سقوط مطر شديدة, سيزيد ملاريا في [كنو] سهول, والالناس من [كريش] تلال سيختبرون كثير حلق من ملاريا أوبئة من [أت برسنت]. يستطيع هذا حادثات, بما أنّ نحن قد رأينا, تأثيرات مثيرة على الملاريا حدوث في في الأغلب أطفال [أفريكن].

تقريبا أعديت نصف من العالم السّكان ب [فكتور-بورن] أمراض, [رسولتينغ ين] عال مرضيّة ووفاة. التوزيع من الحدوث من [فكتور-بورن] أمراض إجمالا متكافئة, مع ال يقهر تأثير صدمة في [دفلوب كونتري] يحدث في استوائيّة ومناطق شبه مداريّ.

طقس يأثر متجهة السّكان علم حركة ومرض عمليّة بثّ, مع درجة حرارة ورطوبة يعتبر متغيرات أساسيّة. تلقّيت فقط مؤخّرا باحثات يحاول أن يتنبّأ كيف مناخ تغير أمكن أثرت التوزيع من [فكتور-بورن] أمراض. نموذج شاملة سوفت اعتبرت كلا التأثير صدمة مباشرة (مثل تغيرات في درجة حرارة أو سقوط مطر) وتأثير صدمة غيرمباشر (مثل تغيرات في علم ماء أو زراعة) من شاملة يسخّن على العاملة, متجهة, مضيفة وسيطة, والمضيفة إنسانيّة. الإستجابة من كلّ عنصر من المرض عملية إلى مناخ تغير يمكن يتلقّى تفرعات للأخرى.

يتنامى الناموسة جيّدا في ال [تروبيك] يسبّب ملاريا وأخرى شروط مهدد للحياة.
هكذا تركتنا عملت نحو عالم جيّدة مع تدهور أدنى بيئيّ لأنّ هذا يستطيع قدت إلى إخماد الحياة والكون في كلية.

Antimalarial activity of herbal drugs

2008-05-27T03:24:00.000-07:00

The recently concluded first national scientific conference held in Kenya's capital city Nairobi had very interesting research papers.
One specific article that captured the attention of participants was the role of traditional medicines in combating infectious and neglected tropical diseases in Africa.
Malaria is endemic in Africa and due to high costs of importing antimalarials and the dilapidated medical infrastructure the intervention has been poor.
The use ITN and IRS have been major achievements in the fight against vectors and the plasmodium parasites.
Chemotheratheupetic interventions have been paramount but the rate of resistance development has led to search of novel molecules from cheaper botanicals.
the paper by Dr.Nanyingi Mark Opiyo from University of Nairobi is a must read for policy change and adaptation of herbal medicines in the treatment of malaria in Kenya and Africa.
There is need for support of scientists engaged in this and other research geared towards eliminating tropical diseases.

opiyo.

kenyas demographic profile

2008-01-30T03:04:00.000-08:00

its with utmost urgency that fellow countrymen understood the demographic pattern of this beautiful country, my intention is to ultimately insist on peaceful coexistence to save kenya from anarchy because even the poor and weak have their story .

"Genocide, political assassinations, hatred, suspicion, vandalism have become synonymous with kenya".

Land ownership has fueled animosity clouded in the disputed presidential election where the incumbent claims to rule while a huge chunk of his cabinet swept aside by the ODM wave.

My logical argument to this contestation would be a presidential rerun, i was quite optimistic of the future of this country when i lined up and voted for my desired candidates and never dreamt of plunging my own fate into disrepute.

Today is a month since we chose our leaders but these are the results :

1. Declaration of kibaki as the winner of the election amidst heightened tension and incomplete documentation of the results.
2.Archaic swearing in of the head of state
3. spontaneous protests countrywide.
4.Retaining of persons of the past government in the half cabinet.
3.Burning of refugees in a church in Eldoret
5.Exodus of kenyan refugees in uganda.
6.Vandalizing of railway line in kibera.
7.Helicopter firing on warring ethnic groups in Naivasha.
8.Koffi Annan formal launching of negotiations.
9.NSE closing momentarily for the first time.
10.kenya losing 60 billion in month
11. Universities and colleges remain closed.
12.Killing of Mellitus Mugabe Were(Assassination).

you realize that there is no chronology of events but i have attempted to recollect the most significant.

i Have few questions to whom it may concern

1. can this happen for 5 years.?
2. Is this a tribal issue any more? having looked at the map of kenya we realise that no single tribe has the numbers to rule alone.
3. Did MUGABE die of thuggery or ....?
4. Does any of the two antagonists feel this heat?
5. Do we need constitutional reforms?
6. Is majimbo pragmatic or redefining of our geopolitical boundaries and have Kenya CENTRAL and WESTERN as in Sudan?
7. Do we have persons owning land more than entire communities?
8. How well is the wealth equity ?
9. Do we still intend to intermarry with other tribes?
10. Do we need to swallow our prides even when the truth is out there?
11. Do we need a rerun since Kibaki has the numbers with Kalonzo?
12. Do we need a new ECK outfit?

if any one can answer those questions please do.

Dr. OPIYO NANYINGI

Bionformatics

2007-11-07T21:50:00.001-08:00

Demystifying Bionformatics

there is a tremendous interest concerning the role of computational biology and bioinformatics in science.

molecular epidemiology are in tandem with the current trends and advancements in explaining the jinx of genomics, proteomics and specific molecular characterization.

The increase in hereditary idiopathic diseases has stimulated gene therapy studies which has far much merits .

There is a need for a multidisciplinary approach in this cutting age research of bioinformatics, where scientists should forge efforts to simply the technology by introducing courses related to molecular science at all levels of higher education in KENYA.

I am particularly interested in furthering my education in Computational modelling and biomedical informatics to expand my foundation in science.

Thank you

Dr.NANYINGI MARK

embrace change

2007-10-18T04:29:00.000-07:00

The people from budalangi constituency should be more realistic when it comes to the next general elections.
The area lags behind in all aspects from infrastructure, health facilities. the flooding pandemic has become fashionable but the poor populace brags of a new district with a high rate of illiteracy, high HIV/AIDS prevalence and generally miserable standards of living.

The next general election is on in a few weeks and the residents need to question the commitment of the previous government.

The ball is in our court to make justifiable resolutions that will determine the prosperity of our dear land.

Dr. Nanyingi Opiyo