Climate Change Vulnerability, Adaptation and Mitigation of Livestock Systems in Kenya

Nanyingi M O,1,2,3, Kiama S G,1, Thumbi S M'4 and Muchemi G M,2 1 Wangari Maathai Institute for Environmental Studies and Peace, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, University of Nairobi PO BOX 30197 Nairobi, Kenya 2 Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi PO BOX 30197 Nairobi, Kenya 3 Colorado State University Fort Collins, Livestock‐Climate Change Collaborative Research Support Program, CO 80523‐ 1644,USA 4 Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Kings Buildings ,University of Edinburgh, , West Mains Road, EH9 6JT, City of Edinburgh,Scotland,UK In Kenya, global circulation models predict that, by the year 2100, climate change will increase temperatures by about 4°C leading to massive crop failure, reduced availability of forage and water, livestock mortality and loss of livelihoods. Consequently vast economic impacts are expected, because of higher vulnerability and the exceeding magnitude of future hazards to the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities. Historically livestock keepers have developed adaptive measures that include traditional early warning systems, use of emergency fodders, multi‐species composition of herds and nomadic mobility to reduce their vulnerability. However, lack of understanding of the drivers of climate change due to inconsistent weather data remains a major challenge causing unreliable and inaccurate prediction of climate change patterns. It is important to identify replicable and cost effective mitigation activities to strengthen the adaptive capacities to climate change of affected communities. Here we review strategies to bridge the knowledge gap in understanding the present and future impacts of climate change on indigenous livestock production systems and options of adaptation to and climate change mitigation based on the indigenous knowledge. We propose a systematic methodology to study vulnerability in the context of multiple stressors and the potential for utilization of participatory mapping tools, geographic data and predictive models of infectious disease burden for anticipatory and reactive adaptive preparedness. The overall thrust of the review is to improve the ability of vulnerable people and their livestock to be more resilient to current climate variability and their decision‐making to climate change. Key words: Climate change; Livestock; Adaptation; Kenya